Ketergantungan Transportasi Darat Tekan Logistik RI, Angkutan Laut Jadi Solusi?
Ir. Mahendra Rianto, CSLP, ES.Log
Ketua Umum
17 April 2026
Bisnis.com, JAKARTA — Ketergantungan tinggi terhadap transportasi darat masih menjadi faktor utama tingginya biaya logistik nasional, sekaligus menghambat target pemerintah menurunkan rasio biaya logistik terhadap produk domestik bruto menjadi 12,5% pada 2029.
Struktur logistik Indonesia saat ini masih didominasi moda darat dalam distribusi barang. Kondisi ini membuat biaya transportasi menjadi komponen terbesar dalam total biaya logistik.
Berdasarkan data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) pada 2022, biaya transportasi mencapai 62% dari total biaya logistik nasional atau setara Rp1.721,8 triliun. Sementara itu, biaya pergudangan menyumbang 22% dan administrasi 16%.
Dominasi tersebut turut berdampak pada tingginya biaya distribusi, terutama untuk jarak jauh dan volume besar. Selain itu, operasional angkutan darat juga menghadapi berbagai kendala, seperti kemacetan dan pembatasan operasional pada periode tertentu, termasuk Idulfitri.
Kontribusi angkutan darat terhadap sistem logistik mencapai sekitar 30% dalam struktur tersebut, lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan moda laut sebesar 12% dan udara 10%. Adapun moda lain seperti kereta api serta angkutan sungai, danau, dan penyeberangan masing-masing masih berada di kisaran 1%.
Ketua Umum Asosiasi Logistik Indonesia Mahendra Rianto mengakui dominasi angkutan darat dalam arus distribusi barang masih sulit dihindari.
Menurutnya, kondisi tersebut berkaitan dengan arah pembangunan infrastruktur yang selama ini lebih berfokus pada transportasi darat, terutama melalui pembangunan jalan tol.
“Untuk penumpang iya, tetapi untuk logistik enggak. Kami malah dibebani biaya tol yang tinggi,” katanya ketika dihubungi, Selasa (14/4/2026).
Ketergantungan pada moda darat juga berdampak pada tingginya konsumsi energi. Distribusi jarak jauh menggunakan truk meningkatkan penggunaan bahan bakar minyak bersubsidi dan menambah beban fiskal.
Dalam konteks ini, penguatan angkutan laut dinilai menjadi salah satu opsi untuk menekan biaya sekaligus meningkatkan efisiensi energi. Mahendra menilai distribusi jarak jauh dapat dialihkan ke moda laut, baik melalui kontainer maupun kapal roll-on/roll-off (roro).
Namun, ketiadaan regulasi yang jelas membuat pelaku usaha masih bergantung pada jalur darat. Dia menekankan perlunya kebijakan yang lebih tegas untuk mendorong peralihan moda, termasuk pengaturan distribusi jarak jauh dan realokasi subsidi energi.
Menurutnya, subsidi bahan bakar akan lebih efektif jika diarahkan ke transportasi laut dibandingkan dengan kendaraan darat.
“Kalau seribu truk naik kapal roro, yang bakar BBM hanya kapalnya,” lanjutnya.
Di sisi lain, pengangkutan barang melalui moda laut menunjukkan tren peningkatan. Data BPS mencatat volume barang yang diangkut pada Januari–Desember 2025 mencapai 508,4 juta ton, naik 16,56% dibandingkan periode yang sama 2024.
Capaian tersebut melampaui realisasi 2022 dan 2023 yang masing-masing sebesar 320,64 juta ton dan 351 juta ton.
Integrasi Antarmoda
Di tengah situasi ini, pemerintah mulai mendorong integrasi antarmoda sebagai bagian dari strategi efisiensi logistik.
Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Laut Kementerian Perhubungan Muhammad Masyhud menegaskan pendekatan yang ditempuh bukan menggantikan moda darat, melainkan mengoptimalkan peran angkutan laut.
“Kami tidak pakai istilah shifting, tetapi berbagi saja. Jadi di darat tetap ada, kemudian di laut kita gunakan juga,” ujarnya.
Salah satu skema yang disiapkan adalah optimalisasi kapal roro, termasuk opsi pengangkutan tanpa kepala truk. Model ini memungkinkan badan truk diangkut melalui laut tanpa menyertakan kepala kendaraan.
Namun, pemanfaatan moda laut juga menghadapi tantangan, terutama terkait kondisi cuaca dan gelombang yang dinamis.
Plt. Asisten Deputi Pengembangan Logistik Kemenko Perekonomian Ekko Harjanto menilai integrasi antara darat dan laut menjadi kunci, mengingat karakteristik Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan.
“Caranya ya tentunya kita harus melakukan efisiensi di angkutan darat, artinya dengan cara mengintegrasikan antarmoda angkutan. Paling pas adalah mengintegrasikan antara angkutan darat dan laut,” tuturnya.
Pemerintah saat ini tengah menyusun rancangan peraturan presiden tentang penguatan logistik nasional yang mencakup penguatan infrastruktur, integrasi layanan, serta peningkatan daya saing sumber daya manusia.
Namun, tanpa perubahan struktur yang lebih mendasar dan dukungan regulasi yang konkret, ketergantungan pada transportasi darat berisiko tetap menekan efisiensi logistik nasional.
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